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Although the electrical interface has been standardized, manufacturers use their own color codes and connectors to attach the radio receiver to the servos The color-coding of the wires always follows a similar motif: the ground wire is black or brown; the power line is almost always red; and the signal line will be white, yellow, orange, or occasionally black The order of the control pins is the same in nearly all manufacturers units the wire closest to the notched edge of the radio connector is the signal wire, the center wire is the 5-volt power, and the last wire is the ground wire (Airtronics brand connectors use a unique wire arrangement that s worth mentioning here The wire next to the notched side of the connector is the signal wire (blue), the ground wire is in the middle (black), and next is the 5-volt power (red) wire) Electrically speaking, most manufacturers systems are compatible, so the connectors can be easily cut off and swapped with another style of connector to convert servos or speed controllers from one system to another

Figures 9-1 and 9-2 display the logical BRI interface The plan is to provide access to every possible home device The original concept was for up to eight devices After all, you only have two B channel and one D channel to share among eight devices

The charts and grids in the Standard client maintain most of the functionality found in the Professional client, but this is not the case with two of the advanced chart types The Perspective Chart and the Performance Map are relatively static The Perspective Chart is rendered just as an image, meaning that the sliders do not move and hovering over a data point does nothing The Performance Map is a bit more interactive: hovering over a rectangle does show the values for the two measures affecting size and color The user even has the ability to double-click on dimensions and change the members and the Performance map will update accordingly, but there are no options for modifying the values that affect the color, or to change the color scheme The Decomposition Tree, on the other hand, works exceptionally well in the Standard client Clicking on the plus sign in a box does indeed expand the children of that item The Pareto chart at the bottom is live and, while the bars in the Pareto chart do not provide tooltips, clicking on one will make sure that value is visible

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The obvious starting point is the telephone, which is now a digital telephone Instead of the telephone conversation being analog from the handset to the central office where it becomes digitized, the conversation can be digitized directly at the source and passed digitally all the way through the network to the other end

The basic building block of R/C models is the R/C servo Usually packaged along with a radio transmitter and receiver set, an R/C servo is a miniature electronics device that includes an electronic motor-controller board, a motor, a geartrain, and a position-feedback sensor all in one small plastic case The servo contains a simple electronic circuit Originally made from discrete components but now packaged in a single custom integrated circuit, the servo converts the length of the input pulse into a voltage level, compares the voltage level to the signal from the position sensor on the output shaft, and drives the motor appropriately depending on the difference The effect is that the signal from the radio controls the position of the output shaft of the servo Typical R/C servos have a range of travel from 90 to 120 degrees, with a 20-millisecond pulse driving the shaft fully clockwise and a 10-millisecond pulse driving it fully counterclockwise Most servos have a maximum range of travel of about 180 degrees, but the pulse-width range will be from 08 to 22 milliseconds to achieve this range of motion In the early days of R/C hobbies, all controls worked through mechanical servos R/C servos directly drove steering links in cars and control surfaces on model airplanes Throttle control of motors was also accomplished with servos A servo would open and control the intake valve on a gas engine to control its power When electric motors became popular in R/C cars, the same hobby control servos were used to control them; but instead of opening and closing a throttle valve, the servo arm would slide along a set of contacts to make or break the power circuit to the motor When Field Effect Transistor (FET) type electronic speed controllers entered the market, they duplicated the interface of the earlier mechanical speed controllers, with what had been a position control signal to control a servo s output shaft now being a speed and direction control for an electric motor.

Figure 6-60 The Decomposition Tree in the Standard client includes a Measure drop-down to speed analysis

Fax machines now have to be digital Therefore, the Group IV fax standard specifies 64 KB/s fax operation