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The SS7 uses a four - layer protocol stack that equates to the seven-layered OSI model (see Figure 7-10 ) These protocols provide different services, depending on the use of the signaling network The layers constitute a two-part functionality; the bottom three layers are considered the communications transmission of the messages, whereas the upper portion of the stack performs the data process function

Figure 6-39 The Grid Properties dialog box allows users to heavily customize the grid, such as by adding totals and displaying the value and percent of total

Solid-State Logic A better method to control the relays is to use solid-state logic to interpret the control signal from the radio and trigger the relays when the appropriate signal is received You can use a programmable microcontroller, such as the Basic Stamp from Parallax, Inc, and program it to receive the command signal from the R/C receiver and convert that signal into an output signal The output signal is then used to turn a transistor on or off, and the transistor is used to supply power to the relay coils Figure 7-9 shows a simple schematic that illustrates transistor-relay control In the figure, a low-voltage signal is used to turn a transistor on and off The schematic drawing shown on the left is an NPN transistor A positive voltage to the transistor base (shown as a B on the transistor) will turn it on and the relay will be energized The schematic to the right uses a PNP transistor In this schematic, the relay coil is energized when there is no voltage signal to the base An NPN transistor is analogous to a NO-SPST switch, and a PNP transistor is analogous to a NC-SPST switch A flyback diode is required to protect the transistor when the relay is

Figure 7-10: SS7 protocols The stack shows that the bottom three layers make up the Message Transfer Part (MTP) similar to the X25 network function At one time, the SS7 messages were all carried on X25 Now newer implementations use SS7 protocols, yet in older networks or thirdworld countries the X25 may still be the transmission system in use The SCCP is used as part of the MTP when necessary to support access into a database and occasionally for the ISDN User Part This extra link is the equivalent of the transport layer of the OSI model supporting the TCAP The SS7 network is an interconnected set of network elements that is used to exchange messages in support of telecommunications functions The SS7 protocol is designed to both facilitate these functions and to maintain the network over which they are provided Like most modern protocols, the SS7 protocol is layered Functionally, the SS7 protocol stack can be compared to the Open Systems Interconnect Reference Model (OSI) Although OSI is a seven-layered stack designed to perform several communications and transparent functions, the SS7 protocol stack is similar but different Like any other stack, the SS7 protocol stack is specifically designed for the reliable data transfer between different signaling elements on the network The guaranteed delivery

It s important to understand that right-clicking on different parts of the grid can bring up slightly different menus Figure 6-40 shows three different menus that can be brought up by right-clicking The one on the top left appears when a user right-clicks on a member in the rows or columns The menu on the top right appears when a user right-clicks on a data cell in the grid The menu at the bottom shows what appears when a user right-clicks outside of the grid Notice, for example, that the option for Exception Highlighting only appears if the user right-clicks on the data cells or outside of the grid, but is not on the menu if a user right-clicks on the row or column headers Totals Figure 6-39 showed that subtotals are turned on automatically when the percent of total is added to the grid However, subtotals can be added to the grid even without showing the percent of total Right-clicking anywhere on or off the grid contains a Totals option that allows users to add column subtotals or grand totals,

and the prevention of duplication or lost packets are crucial to network operations To satisfy differing functions, the stack uses various protocols on the upper layers, but consistently use the same lower layers

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The important part of the protocols is the call set-up and teardown This next example is shown in Figure 7-11 and is described below